Governing a cooperative or condominium association requires maintaining order and ensuring financial stability. Late fees and fines are essential tools for boards to achieve these goals, but their implementation must be carefully considered. This article explores the legal framework and best practices surrounding late fees and fines in New York, focusing on three key questions:

1. Authority: Boards must first establish their authority to impose these charges. For condominiums, the power to fine is typically granted in the bylaws. However, co-op boards must rely on specific provisions in their proprietary lease or, in some cases, inherent authority based on their ability to set cash requirements and house rules. It is crucial for boards to understand and adhere to their specific governing documents.
2. Enforceability: The rule or regulation a fine is based on must be enforceable. Boards must ensure their rules are valid before enforcing them through fines.
3. Reasonableness: Fines and late fees must be reasonable and not constitute unenforceable penalties. Courts have provided guidance on this issue, but they remain fact sensitive analyses. Staying lower than a state prohibited usury rate of interest is a good idea. Additionally, co-ops in New York are subject to the Housing Stability and Tenant Protection Act, which limits late fees to 8% of the monthly maintenance charge.

In conclusion, while late fees and fines are powerful tools for co-op and condo boards, their implementation requires careful consideration and adherence to legal and regulatory boundaries. By understanding the authority to impose these charges, ensuring the enforceability of the underlying rules, and establishing reasonable fee structures, boards can effectively maintain order and financial stability within their communities while minimizing the risk of legal challenges.